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| − | :''[[Bottom]] commonly refers to the human buttocks but also has other uses''
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| − | [[Image:Male human buttocks.jpg|thumb|290px|Male human buttocks.]]
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| − | The '''buttocks''' (often called '''butt''', '''buns''', '''bum''', '''booty''', '''ass''', '''arse''', '''rear end''' or '''backside''') are the two masses of muscle (gluteus maximus) and fat covering the posterior aspect of the of the anatomy located on the posterior of the pelvic region of humans, other primates and many other bipeds or quadrupeds.
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| − | The buttocks are human (primate) pelvis. They allow primates to sit upright comfortably without resting weight on their feet, as (for example) cats and dogs do when they sit upright.
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| − | [[Corporal punishment]] is often delivered on the buttocks, in the form of [[spanking]], [[caning]] or [[whipping]]. This is especially true for lighter punishment and [[domestic discipline]]. It should be noted that corporal punishment is not only something experienced within [[BDSM]] as a sexual fetish. Just because the buttocks are being used for receiving pain, does not imply that the recipient is [[Informed consent|consenting]] nor that it has anything to do with BDSM.
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| − | While there are many nerve endings in the area (ensuring substantial pain), there is relatively [[Safe|little risk]] of the victim sustaining long-term injury since internal organs are unlikely to be affected.
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| − | The buttocks are usually not exposed, making the punishment invisible to outsiders and therefore keeping any [[play]] such as [[caning]] them a private activity.
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| − | Exposed [[buttock]]s are often considered shameful and having to bare them for punishment or simply by order of the [[dominant]] can be [[Humiliation|humiliating]].
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| − | Viewing a nice pair of buttocks of the desired gender is sexually arousing for many, but not all. The sexual aesthetics of the [[buttock]]s vary greatly from culture to culture, with some finding leaner buttocks attractive while some find extremely fatty buttocks desirable. Individual preferences within cultures also have variances.
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| − | ==Anatomy==
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| − | [[Image:Image-Ass 2.jpg|thumb|left|Female human buttocks]]
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| − | The buttocks are formed by the masses of the gluteal muscles or 'glutes' (the gluteus maximus and gluteus medius) superimposed by a layer of adipose tissue (fat). The superior aspect of the buttock ends at the iliac crest, and the lower aspect is outlined by the horizontal gluteal crease. The gluteus maximus has two insertion points: 1/3 superior portion of the linea aspera of the femur, and the superior portion of the iliotibial tractus. The masses of the gluteus maximus muscle are separated by an intermediate gluteal cleft or "crack" in which the [[anus]] is situated.
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| − | [[Image:DSCN0484.JPG|thumb|right|200px|Hairy man's rear-end]]The buttocks allow primates to sit upright without needing to rest their weight on their [[foot|feet]] as quadruped (i.e. four-legged) animals do.
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| − | Some baboons and all gibbons, though otherwise fur-covered, have characteristic naked callosities on their buttocks. While women and boys generally have smooth so-called 'baby-bottoms', adult men have varying degrees of hairgrowth, as on other parts of their body.
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| − | ==Connotations==
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| − | Many consider well-formed buttocks to be sexually attractive. However, the definition of "well-formed" is not fixed, as sexual aesthetics of the buttocks vary considerably from culture to culture, from one period of fashion to another and even from person to person.
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| − | In Ancient astrology, various parts of the body were associated with signs of the zodiac- e.g. the buttocks to the Libra (Balance).
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| − | Depending on the context, exposure of the buttocks in non-intimate situations often causes feelings of shame, embarrassment or humiliation in a non-exhibitionist subject, and embarrassment or amusement in a non-voyeurist audience. Expression like "caught with the pants down" or, more explicit in Dutch, ''met de billen bloot'' 'with bared buttocks', use the image as a metaphor for non-physical embarrassment as well.
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| − | [[image:mooning.jpg|thumb|280px|left|Students at Stanford University conduct a "mass-mooning" in May 1995]]
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| − | Willfully exposing one's own bare buttocks as a protest, a provocation or for fun is called mooning. Mooning someone is generally considered an act of and for the young, but some adults — especially intoxicated — have been known to practice mooning as well.
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| − | On the other hand having one's bare buttocks exposed by another unexpectedly and in public is usually a source of humiliation.
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| − | A wedgie is pulling someone's undergarments or swimming trunks up through their 'crack' to be hauled over the top of the victim's pants, sometimes partially baring the victim's buttocks.
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| − | It is no coincidence that the English verb to spank is the only one specifically meant for physical discipline of a specific part of the body, and various other languages have terms specifically referring to [[spanking]]; in many punitive traditions, the buttocks are the preferential target for painful lessons, from educational to judicial, as offering them for punishment (especially divested) adds a psychological dose of embarrassment and sexual humiliation to the pain, which can be meted out with less risk of longterm corporal harm then elsewhere. Thus in various cultural traditions, expressions like "A black man's ears are in his buttocks" (e.g. in Uganda) or "seat of learning" clearly refer to the preferential paining of the posterior in a submissively bent and exposed position.
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| − | Many comedians, writers and others rely on the buttocks in these and other ways (such as flatulence and toilet humor) as a source of amusement, camaraderie and fun, despite (or in some cases for the sake of) the risk of being in dubious taste, if not censored.
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| − | [[Image:hearts.jpg|right|thumb|275px|[[Fraternity brother]]s displaying their new brands on the right 'cheek'.]]
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| − | Because in most cultures the buttocks are rarely shown naked, they are generally considered unsuitable for ornamental body markings and body modification, but may be preferential for discreet markings, such as secretive membership proof or to be shown in intimate company (e.g. amongst lovers).
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| − | Quite commonly phrases use the buttocks as a ''pars pro toto'' for a whole person, but generally with a negative connotation. For example, terminating an employee may be described as "firing his ass". One might say "move your ass" as an exhortation to greater haste or urgency. Expressed as a function of punishment, defeat or assault becomes "kicking one's ass". Such phrases also may suggest a person's characteristics, e.g. difficult people are termed "hard asses". People deemed excessively puritanical or frugal may be termed "tight asses".
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| − | Certain physical dispositions of the buttocks -particularly size- are sometimes identified, controversially, as a racial characteristic. The most famous intersection of racism and buttocks may be the case of Saartjie Baartman, the so-called Hottentot Venus.
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| − | ==Synonyms==
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| − | The anatomical Latin name for the buttocks is ''nates'', which is plural; the singular, ''natis'' (buttock), is rarely used.
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| − | As buttocks are an object of both shame and fascination, it is not surprising that there are many colloquial terms, euphemistic, ironic or other, to refer to them. These include the following:
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| − | * backside, posterior, behind and its derivates (hind-quarters, hinder or the childish heinie), rear or rear-end, ''derrière'' (French for "behind") - all strictly positional descriptions, as the inaccurate use of rump (as in 'rump roast', after a 'hot' spanking), thighs, upper legs; analogous are
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| − | ** aft, stern and poop, naval in origin
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| − | ** caboose, originally a ship's galley in wooden cabin on deck; also the "rear end" car of a freight train considered a cute synonym suitable for any audience
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| − | ** bottom (and the shortening "bot" as well as childish diminutives "bottie" or "botty"), but the use of near-homophone booty (black slang for the female body since the 1920s) as famously by K.C. and the Sunshine Band's ''Shake Your Booty'', is an 'artistic liberty'
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| − | ** tail (strictly anatomically a zoomorphism (i.e. coparison with an animal), humans only have a tail-bone; also used for the even more sensual phallus) and ''tail-end''
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| − | ** ''tush'' or ''tushy'' (from the Yiddish / Hebrew "tuchis" or "tochis" meaning "under" or "beneath")
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| − | ** trunk, in American English, particularly when describing large buttocks "junk in the trunk" (also includes the body up to the neck, except the arms)
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| − | * arse or ass, and (butt-)hole - a ''pars pro toto'' (strictly only the actual anal region); also used as an insult for a person
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| − | * badonkadonk - onomatopoeic (i.e. sound-imitating) slang meaning the voluptuously bouncing, large yet firm buttocks of a woman
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| − | * ''breech'', a metaphorical sense derived from on older form of the garment breeches (as the French ''culotte'' meaning pantoloons, via ''cul'' from Latin ''culus'' 'butt'), so 'bare breech' means without breeches, i.e. trouserless butt
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| − | * bum - in British English a mild often humorous reference to buttocks, not necessarily in vulgar or sexual context; however also used in reference to anal intercourse, often as an insult, as in bum boy (for a homosexual). Also verb - to practise anal intercourse
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| − | * buns, mounds (cfr. Butte, a geographical mound, known since 1805 in American English, from (Old) French ''butte'' "mound, knoll") and orbs - shape-metaphors, usually in the plural
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| − | * ''bunda''s - derived from Portuguese. A bunda-lover is also called 'Bundaist'
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| − | * butt - the common term for buttocks in the US, used in everyday speech. It is also acceptable in print
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| − | * can (a container) had an unusual development: Slang meaning "toilet" is c. 1900, said to be a shortening of piss-can, meaning "buttocks" from c. 1910, verb meaning "fire an employee" (to flush=dump?) from 1905.
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| − | * cheeks, a shape-metaphor within human anatomy, but also used in the singular: left cheek and right cheek; sounds particularly naughty because of the homonym and the adjective cheeky, lending themselves to word puns
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| − | * fanny - a socially acceptable term in print, in the United States at least, for many years before some of the bolder terms came along; and a subject of jokes, since "Fannie" can be a woman's name, diminutive of "Frances". However, in British English ''fanny'' refers to the female genitals and is considered vulgar.
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| − | *fourth point of contact: in military slang, because of the sequence of textbook parachute jump landing
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| − | * ''fundament'' (literally "foundation", not common in this general sense in English, but for the butt since 1297)
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| − | *hams, like buttocks generally as a plural, after the meat cut from the analogous part of a hog <!-- coexistent, be it anatomically confusing, with the other meaning, as in hamstrings, similar to the tendons of the muscles in the upper back of the thigh, the hamstrings; in some cognate languages, e.g. Dutch, the only meaning is the (usual pork) butt - see http://dictionary.reference.com/search?q=ham and http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=ham&searchmode=none-->; ''pressed ham'' refers to mooning against a window; brawn, a singular derived from the Frankish for ham or roast, is also used for both a muscular body part (but either on arms or legs) or boar meat, especially roast
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| − | * moon was a common shape-metaphore for the butt in English since 1756, and the verb ''to moon'' meant 'to expose to (moon)light' since 1601, long before they were combined in US student slang in the verb(al expression) mooning "to flash the buttocks" in 1968
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| − | * prat (British English, origin unknown; as in ''pratfall'', a vaudeville term; also a term of abuse for a person)
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| − | * seat (of the trousers; or metaphorically) another long-standing socially acceptable term, referring to the use for sitting - but compare the sarcastic use of seat of wisdom and similar expressions, such as 'seat of learning', referring to use as target for an 'educational' [[spanking]].
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| − | * ''ultimatum'' (Latin, literally 'the outer-most') was used in slang c.1820s.
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| − | :''For more [[slang]] terms for the buttocks, see [[Wiktionary:WikiSaurus:buttocks|WikiSaurus:buttocks]] — the [[Wiktionary|WikiSaurus]] list of synonyms and slang words for buttocks in many languages.''
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| − | ==Related terms==
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| − | * The word "callipygian" is sometimes used to describe someone with notably attractive buns. The term comes from the Greek ''kallipygos'', which literally means "beautiful buttocks"; the prefix is also a root of "calligraphy" ("beautiful writing") and "calliope" ("beautiful voice")
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| − | * Both the English ''(in) tails'' and the Dutch ''billentikker'' ('tapping the buttocks') are ironic terms for very formal coats with a significantly longer tail end as part of festive (especially wedding party) dress
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| − | * a ''pygopag(ous)'' (from the Greek ''pygè'' 'buttock' and ''pagein'' 'attached') was a monster in Ancient (Greek) mythology consisting of two bodies joint by common buttocks, now a medical term for (Siamese) twins thus joint back-to-back
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| − | * [[pygophilia]] is arousal by contact with buttocks; an adept is called pygophilist
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| − | * ''pygoscopia'' means observing someone's rear; ''pygoscopophobia'' a pathological fear to be its unwilling object
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| − | * ''pygalgia'' is soreness in the buttocks, i.e. a pain in the rump.
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| − | * ''steatopygia'' is a marked accumulation of fat in and around the buttocks.
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| − | * ''uropygial'' in ornithology mean, situated on, belonging to, the ''uropygium'', i.e. the rump of a bird
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| − | * "bubble butt" has at least two connotations, which are at odds with each other: either a small, round and firm pair of buttocks resembling a pair of soap bubbles next to each other, or a large rear end, seemingly about to burst from the strain. In both cases, the term implies an appealing shapeliness about the buttocks.
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| − | ==Fashion==
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| − | [[Image:Japanese_traditional_swimwear_FUNDOSHI_red_rokushaku_back_photomodel_fthong_1.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Japanese man in a traditional swimwear Fundoshi -rokushaku]]In most cultures with a (partial) nudity taboo, this specifically applies to the buttocks (as usually to the most [[erogenous zones]]), so mainstream garments generally cover them completely, even when that is not a practical requirement. An example of another attitude in an otherwise hardly exhibitionist culture is the Japanese fundoshi.
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| − | Clothing can be used to accentuate the buttocks. Some articles are designed specifically to show off the buttocks or to expose them, both outer or single layer garments and underwear (visible only in the bedroom or locker room). Wearing only thong underwear or a black vinyl dress with a large hole cut out of the back might be examples. Wearing thong underwear with pants is done to hide "panty lines", creases in the pant caused by certain underwear that breaks the smooth line of the body. Both of these choices are undertaken for style. However, some articles merely have utilitarian features. The ''butt flap'' in long underwear (union suit type), used to allow baring only the bottom with a simple gesture (as for hygiene), is a good example. That flap was so ubiquitous that it was used in cartoons and comics for generations.
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| − | Emphasis on one part or another of the body, especially the female body, tends to shift with generations. The 1880s were well-known for the fashion trend called the bustle, which provided even the skinniest woman with seemingly huge buttocks. Like long underwear with its flap, this clothing style was acknowledged in popular media for generations afterward. The popularity of this fashion is shown in the famous Georges Seurat painting ''Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte'' in the two women to the far left and right.
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| − | Later, the cleavage of the buttocks could be exposed by some women as fashion dictated trousers be worn lower.
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| − | ==Biblical and Church Father references==
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| − | The term buttocks occurs thrice in the Old Testament (King James translation) and thrice in the Church Fathers:
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| − | *Isaiah, Chapter 20 : 4. So shall the king of the Assyrians lead away the prisoners of Pharaonic Egypt, and the captivity of Ethiopia, young and old, naked and barefoot, with their buttocks uncovered to the shame of Egypt.
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| − | *Samuel, Chapter 10, verse 4 : Wherefore Hanon took the servants of David, and shaved off the one half of their beards, and cut away half of their garments even to the buttocks, and sent them away. ''Nearly identical is'':
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| − | *Chronicles, Chapter 19, vers 4: Wherefore Hanon shaved the heads and beards of the servants of [King] David, and cut away their garments from the buttocks to the feet, and sent them away.
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| − | *Against Jovinianus, Book II (by the Church father Saint Jerome) : Why should I speak of other nations when I myself, a youth on a visit to Gaul. heard that the Atticoti, a British tribe, eat human flesh, and that although they find herds of swine, and droves of large or small cattle in the woods, it is their custom to cut off the buttocks of the shepherds and the breasts of their women, and to regard them as the greatest delicacies?
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| − | *Apology Against Rufinus, Book I (also by Saint Jerome) : There is not a day but you may see the dressed-up clown in the streets whacking the buttocks of some blockhead, or half-pulling out people's teeth with the scorpion which he twists round for them to bite.
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| − | *On the Workmanship of God (by Lactantius, part of several chapters praising the human body) : The flesh rounded off into the buttocks, how adapted to the office of sitting! and this also more firm than in the other limbs, lest by the pressure of the bulk of the body it should give way to the bones.
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| − | ==Popular culture==
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| − | There are endless references, e.g. dozens of movie productions with the keyword buttocks or a mention in the English title on them [http://uk.imdb.com/find?s=all&q=buttock|IMDb], even during the days of the Hays Office. The rules seemed to be that the buttocks could be referenced, but only in a presumably non-sexual context, like spanking of a child or in a humorous situation.
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| − | Early in the 1939 movie ''The Wizard of Oz'', Uncle Henry is holding the gate open for Miss Gulch, and at a seemingly appropriate time he lets it go, and it swats the disagreeable old lady in the rear, emphasized by a musical "thunk" on the soundtrack's underscore.
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| − | There is a scene in the 1942 movie ''Yankee Doodle Dandy'' in which Cohan's father wishes to punish his disobedient son. He can't hit him anywhere that would show, or that would otherwise impact the family's vaudeville act. The frustrated father finally says, "Here's one place with no talent!" He turns young George over his knee and begins spanking, as flour (left over from a stunt in the preceding stage show) flies up and emphasizes the apparent impact of the blows.
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| − | The comic character Ado Annie in the 1955 movie musical ''Oklahoma'' finds herself on the receiving end of this subject at least twice. First, she mentions something (not quite getting the point) about having been compared to a Persian cat, because they both "have soft, round tails". Then, during the song ''The Farmer and the Cowman'', she makes a funny comment, and Aunt Eller swats her on the bottom.
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| − | The 1956 horror film ''The Bad Seed'' has a fairly silly postscript ending in which the mother spanks her naughty child, for having murdered several people during the course of the film's plot.
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| − | In 1966 Yoko Ono made a roughly 90 minutes long experimental film ''No. 4'', colloquially known as ''Bottoms'' which consists of nothing more than footage of human buttocks in motion while the person walks on a turntable.
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| − | At one point in the 1971 James Bond adventure ''Diamonds Are Forever'', Bond (Sean Connery) stashes a computer tape into the back of Jill St. John's bikini bottom, whispering "Your problems are all behind you now." Later, the villain (Charles Gray) notices this object and says, "We're showing a bit more cheek than usual, aren't we, Miss Case?" before roughing her up for her treachery.
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| − | By the 1970s, television was also becoming more liberal. There was an episode of ''The Bob Newhart Show'' in which it came out that Bob's secretary, Carol, had a tattoo on her behind, which she was now looking to have removed. Bob seemed to sympathize, and then commented with a slight smirk, "We don't want you to be the 'butt' of any jokes!"
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| − | In an infamous episode of ''The Newlywed Game'' from 1977, host Bob Eubank asked the husbands, "What's the most unusual place you've made love?" In the next segment, one wife who was asked that question came back with, "Is it in the ass?" The incident itself was long thought to be an urban legend, but it actually did happen, as revealed on a "Game Show Bloopers" TV special in 2002. (See [http://www.snopes.com/radiotv/tv/newlywed.htm www.snopes.com].)
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| − | In a nighttime talk show, Lee Marvin happened to mention that he had received a Purple Heart during World War, and the host asked him where he was shot: "In the ass!" It being late at night, and merely truthful and not lascivious, the line was not bleeped.
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| − | The 1984 mockumentary ''This Is Spinal Tap'' contained the song "Big Bottom" featuring the lyric ''Big bottom, big bottom, Talk about bum cakes, my girl's got 'em, Big bottom drive me out of my mind, How could I leave this behind?''
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| − | In the 1985 movie ''Pee Wee's Big Adventure'', star Paul Reubens ("Pee Wee Herman") responds to someone who says, "Yes, but..." with the comment "''Everyone'' I know has a big 'butt'!"
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| − | In the 1994 movie ''Forrest Gump'', the title character has just received a medal from President Lyndon Johnson, who asks Forrest where he was shot: "In the buttocks, sir." The President responds, "Oh that must be a sight, I'd kinda like to see that!" and to everyone's surprise, Forrest, misunderstanding him, turns around and drops his trousers.
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| − | The 1999 film ''Entrapment'' was both lambasted and praised as an excuse to show a closeup image of Catherine Zeta-Jones raising her rear end. Zeta-Jones' buttocks are, according to one reviewer, "the true star of the film."
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| − | Several songs have been released which glorify this body part. English language examples include
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| − | * "Baby Got Back" by Sir Mix-a-Lot
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| − | * "Too Much Booty (In Da Pants)" by 2 Live Crew
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| − | * "Da Butt" by Experience Unlimited (E.U.)
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| − | * "Fatty Girl" by Ludacris, LL Cool J, and Keith Murray
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| − | * "Honkytonk Badonkadonk" by Trace Adkins
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| − | * "Bootylicious" by Destiny's Child
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| − | * "Ms. New Booty" by Bubba Sparxxx
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| − | * "Rump Shaker" by Wreckx-N-Effect
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| − | * "(Shake, Shake, Shake) Shake Your Booty" by KC and the Sunshine Band
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| − | * "Big legs, tight skirt" by John Lee Hooker
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| − | * The 1978 singles "Fat Bottomed Girls" and "Bicycle Race" by Queen
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| − | * "Back That Azz Up" by rapper Juvenile
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| − | * "My Humps" by The Black Eyed Peas
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| − | * "Fat Bottom Girls" by Queen
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| − | * "I See You Baby (Shakin' That Ass)" by Groove Armada
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| − | ''Rolling Stone'' magazine named the 1990s the "Decade of the Butt" because many of these songs were released in that decade.
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| − | Agnetha Fältskog of ABBA was famous in the late 1970s for her [[spandex]] pants and having "The Sexiest Bottom in Europe", as the press described it. When she asked if this was true, her rejoinder was "How can I answer that? I don't know, I haven't seen it".
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| − | In the latter part of the 20th century, this body part really "came out of the closet" and has become a frequent popular culture topic, as with the famous entertainer Jennifer Lopez, whose rear end is as often discussed as Dolly Parton's breasts were at the height of her career.
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| − | ==See also==
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| − | * [[Spanking]]
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| − | ==Sources and references==
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| − | * [http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=butt&searchmode=none Etymology on line] one can also search for most synonyms
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| − | * For synonyms: [http://thesaurus.reference.com/search?q=butt On-line thesaurus]
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| − | *Catholic Encyclopaedia ''passim''
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| − | ==External links==
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| − | * [http://www.bartleby.com/107/128.html "The Muscles and Fasciæ of the Thigh"] (by Henry Gray) at [http://www.bartleby.com/107/ "Anatomy of the Human Body"], 1918.
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| − | [[category:BDSM]]
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| − | [[Category:Health]]
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| − | [[Category:Punishment]]
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